Question 1
There are two hotspot mutations in the enzyme PIK3CA that commonly occur in cancers like breast cancer. These mutations:
Prevent the binding of drug to inhibit PIK3CA function. which causes cancer
Are random and there is no knowledge of their function
Cause the enzyme PIK3CA to be locked in the "off" state, causing suppression of the messenger molecule PIP3 which promotes tumour growth and survival
Cause the enzyme PIK3CA to be locked in the "on" state. causing overproduction of the messenger protein PIP3 which promotes tumour growth and survival

Question 2
Even across tissue types, cancer is associated with loss and gain of specific chromosome arms. This may be because:
Tumour suppressor genes are found on the chromosome arms that are lost and tumour promoting genes are found on the chromosome arms that are gained resulting in their under- and overexpression, respectively
Tumour suppressor genes are found on the chromosome arms that are gained and tumour promoting genes are found on the chromosome arms that are lost. resulting in their over- and underexpression, respectively
Of random chance leading to some chromosome arms being lost and some being gained
Tumour suppressor genes are found on the chromosome arms that are gained and tumour promoting genes are found on the chromosome arms that are lost. resulting in their under- and overexpression, respectively

Question 3
Fbxw7 is protein that is part of a multisubunit complex that destroys growth promoting proteins like Myc. It is therefore not surprising that Fbxw7 <blank> is oncogenic:
Overexpression
Loss of function
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Question 4
The policy of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) is to return information on 56 medically actionable genes from any clinical whole genome/exome sequencing endeavour. This is:
Less information than the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists recommends providing
More information than the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists recommends providing
The same as the recommendations made by the Camadian College of Medical Geneticists

Question 5
In a mouse-human co-clinical trial (select all that apply):
The patient is inoculated with the mouse tumour cells that have gone into remission
A mouse model of the cancer in question needs to be generated ideally from the patient's own turnour cells
The human and mouse responses to treatment are analyzed concurrently (at the same time)
The mouse model can be used in real time to develop novel treatments for a particular cancer

Question 6
Most of the mutations that cause skin cancer:
Are translocations caused by UV radiation
Are associated with the chemicals in car exhaust
Are point mutations induced by exposure to UV radiation
Are associated with the chemicals in cigarette smoke

Question 7
For some cancers the mutational burden is very high One strategy to treat these cancers is immune-based therapy. which requires that the immune system attack misformed proteins generated by the many mutations found in these types of cancers.
True
False

Question 8
In Canada, for people reporting genetic discrimination the highest frequency of genetic discrimination was felt in the following category:
Employment
Government/health
Insurance
Family

Question 9
The viewpoint that genetic information is more sensitive than other types of medical information is best described as:
genetic discrimination by employer
genetic exceptionalism
genetic discrimination by medical team
incidental discrimination

Question 10
Bert Vogelstein's showed that recurrent mutations in colon cancer:
Rarely ever occur
Occur in random order but specific subset of genes are disproportionately frequently mutated
Occur in particular sequence: some mutations consistently arise early in cancer and some only when the disease has progressed
Occur randomly with respect to genes and sequence

Question 11
During a research study of the genomics of colon cancer, the researcher discovers a pathogenic variant of the BRCA1 gene in one participant Which of the following statements are true?
The researcher is required to disclose this information to the participant as it would be considered primary finding
The researcher is not required to disclose this information to the participant as it is not primary finding
The researcher is not required to disclose this information to the participant as it would be considered an incidental finding
The researcher is required to disclose this information to the participant as it would be considered a material incidental finding

Question 12
In the Canada, the Genetic Non-discrimination Act (GNA. formerly known as Bill S 201) prevents discrimination from (select all that apply):
Employment insurance
Family
Disability insurance
Life insurance

Question 13
Select all of the following that are hallmarks of cancer. according to Hannahan and Weinberg (select all that apply):
Evading growth suppressors
Enabling replicative mortality
Inducing neurogenesis
Genomic instability and mutation

Question 14
In the United States, the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination act (GINA):
Prohibits discrimination in employment life and health insurance based on family history or genetic testing
Prohibits discrimination in employment and health insurance based on family history, genetic testing or currently exhibiting disease
Prohibits discrimination in employment and health insurance based on family history or genetic testing
Prohibits discrimination in employment life and health insurance based on family history. genetic testing or currently exhibiting disease

Question 15
Besides creating colony of mouse avatars, select all ways tumours can be generated in mice (select all that apply):
Inoculating an immunocompetent (ie normal) mouse with human tumour cells
Inoculating an immunosuppressed mouse with human tumour cells
Genetically engineer mouse with specific mutations to generate tumours
Treat mouse with carcinogens to generate tumours

Question 16
RB1 is a tumour suppressor gene and the RB pathway suppresses tumour growth. The RB pathway can be shut down by:
Overexpression of RBI or overexpression of an RBI inhibitor like CDK4 or overexpression of the protein that regulates CDK4, CDKN2A
Overexpression of RBI or loss of function of an RBI inhibitor like CDK4 or overexpression of the protein that regulates CDK4. CDKN2A
Direct loss of function of RBI, or loss of function of an RBI inhibitor like CDK4 or loss of function of the protein that regulates CDK4. CDKN2A
Direct loss of function of RBI, or overexpression of an RBI inhibitor like CDK4 or loss of function of the protein that regulates CDK4, CDKN2A

Question 17
The term "secondary finding" has replaced "incidental finding" because
The discovery can be made in seconds
They do not arise from an incident
The finding is actively analyzed from genomic data, not passively stumbled upon
There was confusion as to whether incidental findings were primary findings

Question 18
Genetic discrimination can be defined as:
Adverse treatment of individuals (or their families) based on their actual or presumed genetic characteristics
Genetic manipulation of the germline to enhance human traits
Random changes in gene frequency over generations as result of random fluctuations in the allele proportions that are transmitted from parents to offspring
Discoveries made as result of genetic testing that are unrelated to the medical reason for ordering the test

Question 19
Unlike cancer-causing mutations in PIK3CA and IDH1 which tend to occur in hotspots, mutations in tumour suppressor genes RB1 and VHL are spread throughout the gene. This likely because as tumour suppressor genes, any mutations that "break" the gene's function will be oncogenic and there are many mutations that can cause loss of function
True
False

Question 20
Which of the following are suggested approaches to mitigate genetic discrimination? (select all that apply)
Changing human rights code to account for genetic discrimination
Changing employment law to preclude the use of genetic information by employers
Changing insurance law to require individuals to submit genetic information
An agreement between professional organizations and governments that organization members will not make use of genetic data.

Question 1 There are two hotspot mutations in the enzyme PIK3CA th...