Answer the questions with key words and brief explanations.
1. Fill the table to compare the similarities and differences of three cytoskeletons (40 pts).
                                                                           intermediate filament
                                    microtubule actin filament
                                                                              cytoplasmic IF lamin
diameter

subunit and
assembly

dynamics

subcellular
location

functions

2. (60 pts) Summarize the following signaling pathways: Describe their receptors, pathways, key second messengers and signaling proteins, target proteins, and the major functions or cell responses.
Format:
Signal -> receptor -> protein A -> messenger B -> enzyme C -> …… -> target protein T-> functions (e.g. cell proliferation, growth, glucose uptake etc.)
a. Adrenaline (controlling glycogen breakdown)
b. Acetylcholine (controlling smooth muscle contract)
c. Survival factor (through Akt and Bcl2)
d. Insulin (controlling glucose uptake)
e. Mitogen
f. TGFβ

3. (50 pts) Mutations of the following groups of genes are highly associated with cancer. Briefly describe:
1) Their normal functions, including the related signaling pathways and cell behaviors;
2) Their oncogenic roles: the effects of their mutants to cell behaviors in cancers (oncogene or tumor suppressor, gain or loss of function)
a. Ras/MAPK
b. Akt/mTOR
c. BAD/Bcl2/Bax
d. Rb/E2F
e. p53

Answer the questions with key words and brief explanations. 1. Fil...