When an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction it does what change?increases the energy of activation
increases delta G
decreases the energy of activation
decreases delta G
prevents product from going back to substrate

2)
In sickle cell anemia, why does the HbS (sickle hemoglobin) cause sickling of the cell?
It has lost negative charges on it causing it to form rod shaped crystals inside the cell.
It has lost positive charges on it causing it to form rod shaped crystals inside the cell.
It has lost both positive and negative charges on it causing it to form rod shaped crystals inside the cell.
It has additional positive charges on it that push out the edges of the cell.
It has additional negative charges on it that push out the edges of the cell.

3)
The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in Hemoglobin S results in aggregation of the protein because of ___________ interactions between molecules.
covalent
disulfide
hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic
ionic
All of the above
None of the above

4)
How does hemoglobin F compare to hemoglobin A?
It has the same affinity for oxygen as HbA.
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG stronger.
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG weaker.
It has a lower affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG stronger.
has a lower affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG weaker.

5)
How does hemoglobin F compare to hemoglobin A?
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG stronger.
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG weaker.
It has a lower affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG stronger.
has a lower affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG weaker.
It has the same affinity for oxygen as HbA.

6)
As the pH drops from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2, what changes for hemoglobin?
oxygen binding increases
no change
oxygen binding decreases

7)
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
It binds at a distance from the heme groups of hemoglobin.
It binds with lower affinity to fetal hemoglobin than to adult hemoglobin.
It increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
It is an allosteric modulator.
It is normally found associated with the hemoglobin extracted from red blood cells.

8)
What is the activation energy
the energy needed to start a reaction
the energy released from a reaction
the change in randomness of the products
the heat absorbed by a reaction

9)
What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin as BPG concentrations increase?
increases
decreases
no change

10)
Which of the following amino acids is aromatic?
K
Q
N
F
A

11)
Which of the following bonds has the most restricted rotation compared to the others?
peptide
phi
psi

12)
Levels of protein organization
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

13)
Which level of Protein organization is held together only by hydrogen bonding?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
All of the above
None of the above

14)
The primary force that holds most tertiary structures together are:
Salt Bridges
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic forces
Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds

15)
An individual molecular structure within an antigen to which an individual antibody binds is:
an antigen
an epitope
Fc region
Fab region

16)
A peptide with the following one-letter sequence will be closest to what charge at pH 7.4?
R-S-M-A-A-P-H-C-Y-T-E-A-R-S-T

+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

17)
Which amino acids are switched in sickle cell disease?
gamma 6 Lys becomes a Ala
alpha 6 Asp becomes a His
beta 6 Glu becomes a Val
delta 6 Ile becomes a Leu

18)
Hemoglobin A increases oxygen binding when:
carbon dioxide concentrations increase
blood becomes more acidic
carbon monoxide levels increase
blood becomes more alkaline

19)
If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, the oxygen binding to hemoglobin:
does not change
increases
decreases

20)
Hemoglobin F
does not bind oxygen
is only found in fish
is a mutant form of hemoglobin similar to sickle cell
has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin A

Protein Function
21)
If the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, the oxygen binding to hemoglobin:
increases
decreases
does not change

22)
The transition state is:
the shape of the product
the shape of the enzyme
the shape the substrate molecule midway in its transformation to product
the shape of the substrate before reaction begins

23)
Which of the following bonds has the most restricted rotation compared to the others?
phi
peptide
psi

24)
Which level of Protein organization is held together only by hydrogen bonding?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
All of the above
None of the above

25)
An individual molecular structure within an antigen to which an individual antibody binds is:
Fab region
an antigen
an epitope
Fc region

26)
Levels of protein organization
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure

27)
What happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin as BPG concentrations increase?
increases
decreases
no change

28)
Hemoglobin A increases oxygen binding when:
carbon dioxide concentrations increase
blood becomes more acidic
blood becomes more alkaline
carbon monoxide levels increase

29)
The amino acid substitution of Val for Glu in Hemoglobin S results in aggregation of the protein because of ___________ interactions between molecules.
covalent
disulfide
hydrogen bonding
hydrophobic
ionic
All of the above
None of the above

30)
Which amino acids are switched in sickle cell disease?
alpha 6 Asp becomes a His
beta 6 Glu becomes a Val
gamma 6 Lys becomes a Ala
delta 6 Ile becomes a Leu

31)
How does hemoglobin F compare to hemoglobin A?
It has a lower affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG stronger.
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG weaker.
It has the same affinity for oxygen as HbA.
has a lower affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG weaker.
It has a higher affinity for oxygen because it binds BPG stronger.

32)
A peptide with the following one-letter sequence will be closest to what charge at pH 7.4?
R-S-M-A-A-P-H-C-Y-T-E-A-R-S-T

+5
+4
+3
+2
+1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

33)
As CO concentrations increase, what happens to oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
no change
increases
decreases

34)
Mad Cow Disease is caused by:
A bacteria that eats holes in the brain tissue
Prion proteins that have refolded
Prion proteins that have become cross-linked to other prion proteins
A virus that causes holes in the brain tissue
A toxin in tainted beef that blocks the brains ability to synthesize prion proteins.

35)
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)?
It binds at a distance from the heme groups of hemoglobin.
It binds with lower affinity to fetal hemoglobin than to adult hemoglobin.
It increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
It is an allosteric modulator.
It is normally found associated with the hemoglobin extracted from red blood cells.

36)
During muscle contraction, hydrolysis of ATP results in a change of the:
the Z disk
conformation of actin
conformation of myosin
sarcoplasmic reticulum

37)
What is an apoenzyme?
the prosthetic group of an enzyme
the polypeptide portion of the enzyme only
the active site of an enzyme
the metal ion of an enzyme

38)
When an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction it does what change?
decreases the energy of activation
increases the energy of activation
prevents product from going back to substrate
decreases delta G
increases delta G

39)
The primary force that holds most tertiary structures together are:
Hydrogen bonds
Salt Bridges
Ionic bonds
Hydrophobic forces
Covalent bonds

40)
In sickle cell anemia, why does the HbS (sickle hemoglobin) cause sickling of the cell?
It has additional positive charges on it that push out the edges of the cell.
It has lost positive charges on it causing it to form rod shaped crystals inside the cell.
It has lost both positive and negative charges on it causing it to form rod shaped crystals inside the cell.
It has additional negative charges on it that push out the edges of the cell.
It has lost negative charges on it causing it to form rod shaped crystals inside the cell.

When an enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction it does what change?in...