PART 1
1) What is biotransformation?
2) What is the general outcome in terms of chemical properties?
3) What class or group of proteins are involved?

PART 2
4) List and briefly describe five different metabolic mechanisms for biotransforming xenobiotics from both phase I and phase II (also give which phase they are a part of).

PART 3
Some epoxides are highly reactive compounds. (If you use sources other than the textbook, provide a link or a citation.)
5) Describe the biotransformation process for converting a xenobiotic into an epoxide metabolite.
6) Give an example and name the enzyme involved.

PART 4
7) One well-known pathways of biotransformation is the transformation of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) into acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). Then acetaldehyde is then transformed to acetate (CH3COO-). Link for more information on this reaction here: https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa72/aa72.htm
For these three molecules give the following (Note: searching for acetic acid instead of acetate may be beneficial): [I recommend exploring chemicals with https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/]
a. The LD50 - give species and route of administration as well as cite your source!
b. The boiling point (at 760 mm Hg)
c. The molecular weight
Also answer these questions:
d. What are the two enzymes that are mainly responsible for these two steps?
e. Is this a Phase I or Phase II reaction? What type? Why?
f. Describe the change in the polarity of ethanol to acetate. What does that mean for what is likely to happen to these molecules in the body?
g. Think about the molecular properties of these molecules. How are their boiling points and polarity connected? Compare the boiling points to non-polar propane (-44 °F), which has a similar molecular weight.
h. Look up information on vapor pressure from a reputable source. How is boiling point connected to vapor pressure?

PART 1 1) What is biotransformation? 2) What is the general outco...