'''
Call this function to get a positive integer from the user. Valid input is an int greater
than zero. The function displays the prompt to tell the user what to enter. If the user
does not enter valid input display the appropriate error message as described below
and display the prompt again asking for more input from the user. Repeat this until
the user enters valid input. When the user enters valid input return that input.
'''
def getPosInt(prompt):
while True:
   userInput = input(prompt)
   if userInput == "":
         print("Missing input!")
   else:
         try:
            userInput = eval(userInput)
            if type(userInput) is not int:
               print(str(userInput) + " is not an integer!")
            elif userInput <= 0:
               print(str(userInput) + " is not greater than 0!")
            else:
               return userInput
         except:
            print(userInput + " is not valid!")

'''
Call this function to get an integer between lowerBound and upperBound from the
user. Valid input is an int between lowerBound and upperBound inclusive. The
function displays the prompt to tell the user what to enter. If the user does not enter
valid input display the appropriate error message as described below and display
the prompt again asking for more input from the user. Repeat this until the user
enters valid input. When the user enters valid input return that input.
'''
def getBoundedInt(prompt, lowerBound, upperBound):
while True:
   userInput = input(prompt)
   if userInput

What is Cryptography? Cryptography is the science of encoding and...