Question 1
According to Emotivism, the sentence “Murder is wrong,” means

Question 1 options:

A) I don’t approve of murder.
B) Murder is immoral.
C) Boo Murder! Don’t Murder!
D) All of the above
E) All of the above

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Question 2
Tom and Mary are arguing.Tom says, “Abortion is wrong!” Mary replies, “Abortion is not wrong!” How would an Emotivist describe this situation?

Question 2 options:

A) Tom and Mary are disagreeing about an objective moral fact.
B) Tom and Mary are not disagreeing about anything, because Tom is making a statement about his own feelings about abortion and Mary is making a                                           statement about her own feelings.
C) Tom and Mary are not disagreeing about anything, because Tom is just offering his opinion about the morality of abortion and Mary is offering a different opinion.
D) Tom and Mary do not disagree about any fact, but they do have a disagreement in the feelings they are expressing towards abortion.
E) None of the above

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Question 3
Consider the following quotation

To this war of every man, against every man, this also is consequent; that nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice have there no place…It is consequent also to the same condition, that there be no propriety, no dominion, no mine and thine distinct; but only that to be every man’s that he can get; and for so long, as he can keep it.

This quotation contains:
Question 3 options:

A) Mill’s response to the objection that Utilitarianism ignores important aspects of morality, such as justice and rights.
B) Mill’s response to the objection that Utilitarianism would require too much time to be used effectively to make moral decisions.
C) Hobbes’ description of the State of Nature.
D) Rachels’ discussion of an objection to Ethical Egoism.
E) Rachels’ discussion of an objection to Psychological Egoism.

Question 4
If K prevents B from liquidating him, his act must be said to be both wrong and not wrong--wrong because it is the prevention of what B ought to do; not wrong because it is what K ought to do.

This quotation contains

Question 4 options:

A) Mill’s response to the objection that Utilitarianism ignores important aspects of morality, such as justice and rights.
B) Mill’s response to the objection that Utilitarianism would require too much time to be used effectively to make moral decisions.
C) Hobbes’ description of the State of Nature.
D) Rachels’ discussion of an objection to Ethical Egoism.
E) Rachels’ discussion of an objection to Psychological Egoism.

Question 5
Consider the following quotation

I can understand “it is optimific” as a reason for action, but why should “it is a member of a class of actions which are usually optimific”…be a good reason? You might as well say that a person ought to be picked to play for Australia just because all his brothers have been.

This quotation contains

Question 5 options:

A) Smart’s argument against Rule (or Restricted) Utilitarianism.
B) Hospers’ argument against Act (or Extreme) Utilitarianism.
C) Kant’s argument that the morality of an action has nothing to do with its consequences.
D) Hobbes’ description of the State of Nature.
E) None of the above

Question 6
Which of the following would an Emotivist say about the prospect for resolving moral disagreements rationally?

Question 6 options:

A) There are no moral disagreements, so attempts to resolve them are hopeless.
B) Many disagreements that appear to be about morality are really cases where people agree about what is fundamentally good or evil, but disagree about other non-moral facts of the case.
C) Since moral judgments are nothing but expressions of passion, disagreements about what is fundamentally good or evil cannot be resolved by reason.
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 7
Which of the following is not an ethical theory?

Question 7 options:

A) Utilitarianism
B) Ethical Egoism
C) Divine Command Theory
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 8
Consider the following quotation

Another man may disagree with me about the wrongness of stealing, in the sense that he may not have the same feelings about stealing as I have, and he may quarrel with me on account of my moral sentiments. But he cannot, strictly speaking, contradict me. For in saying that a certain type of action is right or wrong, I am not making any factual statement, not even a statement about my own state of mind.

This quotation contains

Question 8 options:

A) Socrates’ argument against the Divine Command Theory.
B) Mavrodes defense of the Divine Command Theory against Socrates’ objection to that theory.
C) Hume’s statement of Simple Subjectivism.
D) Ayer’s statement of Emotivism.
E) None of the above

Question 9
Consider the following quotation:

Thus the moral worth of an action does not depend on the result expected from it, and so too does not depend on any principle of action that needs to borrow its motive from this expected result. For all these results (agreeable states and even the promotion of happiness in others) could have been brought about by other causes as well, and consequently their production did not require the will of a rational being, in which, however, the highest and unconditioned good can alone be found.

This quotation contains

Question 9 options:

A) Socrates’ argument against the Divine Command Theory.
B) Mavrodes defense of the Divine Command Theory against Socrates’ objection to that theory.
C) Kant’s argument that the morality of an action has nothing to do with its consequences.
D) Hume’s statement of Simple Subjectivism.
E) None of the above

Question 10
Which of the following ethical theories asserts that the morality of an action is to be determined by its consequences for the satisfaction of the interests of one or more people?

Question 10 options:
A) Kantian Ethic
B) Ethical Egoism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 11
Which of the following ethical theories asserts that lying is always wrong?

Question 11 options:

A) Kantian Ethics
B) Ethical Egoism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 12
Which of the following ethical theories asserts that there are objective moral facts?

Question 12 options:
A) Kantian Ethics
B) Ethical Egoism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Both a and c
E) All of the above

Question 13
Which of the following is a religious ethical theory?

Question 13 options
A) Natural Law Theory
B) Kantian Ethics
C) Divine Command Theory
D) Both a and c
E) None of the above

Question 14
Which of the following ethical theories asserts that morality is the result of an implicit agreement?

Question 14 options:
A) Emotivism
B) Social Contract Theory
C) Utilitarianism
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 15
Which of the following asserts that people are, in fact, always selfish?

Question 15 options:

A) Ethical Egoism
B) Psychological Egoism
C) Social Contract Theory
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 16
In Hobbes’ writings, the State of Nature is

Question 16 options:

A) a historical condition of humanity in which humans behaved altruistically only towards other members of their tribe.
B) a historical condition of humanity in which all humans cooperated with each other and behaved altruistically.
C) a historical condition of humanity in which humans behaved completely selfishly, looking after only their own interests.
D) an imaginary condition of humanity in which all humans cooperate with each other and behave altruistically.
E) an imaginary condition of humanity in which humans behave completely selfishly, looking after only their own interests.

Question 17
Which of the following best characterizes the difference between Psychological Egoism and Ethical Egoism.

Question 17 options:

A) Psychological Egoism claims that we should always act in our own best short-term interest, but Ethical Egoism claims that we should always act in our own best long-term interest.
B) Ethical Egoism claims that we should always act in our own best short-term interest, but Psychological Egoism claims that we should always act in our own best long-term interest.
C) Ethical Egoism claims that everyone is selfish, while Psychological Egoism claims that everyone ought to be selfish.
D) Psychological Egoism claims that everyone is selfish, while Ethical Egoism claims that everyone ought to be selfish.
E) Psychological Egoism claims that we always do act in our own best short-term interest, but Ethical Egoism claims that we always do act in our own                               best long-term interest.

Question 18
Which of the following best expresses the principle that Rachels calls the Principle of Equal Treatment?

Question 18 options:

A) Everyone should be provided with equal resources.
B) Everyone should be provided with equal resources, unless there are morally relevant differences between them
C) Everyone should be treated equally.
D) Everyone should be treated equally unless there are morally relevant differences between them.
E) None of the above

Question 19
Which of the following is a statement of Kant’s Categorical Imperative?

Question 19 options:

A) Act only in that manner which can be accepted by an honest man.
B) Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
C) Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own persons or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always                               at the same time as an end.
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 20
Which of the following expresses an advantage of the Divine Command Theory?

Question 20 options:

A) The theory clearly explains what motivation we have to be moral – God will punish those who behave evilly and/or reward those who behave well.
B) Since everyone pretty much agrees about what God’s commands are, it should be possible to eliminate moral disagreements.
C) Different ethical standards will apply to members of different religious communities.
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 21
Suppose that Bob donates a large sum of money to charity. What would a Psychological Egoist say about this case?

Question 21 options:

A) Bob performed this action to further his own interests.
B) Bob performed this action solely to help others.
C) Bob’s action was morally wrong.
D) Bob had a moral duty to do what he did.
E) Bob’s action was morally good, even heroic, but not one he was obligated to perform.

Question 22
Does Ethical Relativism have the consequence that moral reformers are always wrong? Why or why not?

Question 22 options:

A) No, because moral reformers are viewed as heroes in many cultures.
B) No, because some cultures approve of moral reformers and some don’t.
C) No, because the moral judgments made by moral reformers are just expressions of their feelings.
D) Yes, because by seeking to reform the moral values of a culture, the reformer is attempting to do something that violates those values.
E) Yes, because moral reformers are universally despised in every culture.

Question 23
Simple Subjectivism is similar to Relativism in that both make moral judgments relative to something. In order to make this relationship clear, we could express Simple Subjectivism as a special case of Relativism, in which the “culture” to which moral judgments are relative is

Question 23 options:

A) the actor’s nation.
B) the actor’s religion.
C) the actor’s family.
D) the actor’s Boy Scout or Girl Scout troop.
E) the actor all by himself or herself.

Question 24
Which of the following are Kantian reasons for thinking that lying is always immoral?

Question 24 options:

A) Lying always causes a great deal of suffering.
B) Lying often causes a great deal of suffering, and so the rule that tells us to never lie is more likely to produce good consequences than any alternative rule.
C) If everyone were a liar, no one would be a successful liar, since no one would ever believe anyone else was telling the truth.
D) When you lie to someone, you treat them as a mere means.
E) Both c and d

Question 25
Which of the following best describes the reasons Rawls would give for thinking that people in the original position would reject a laissez-faire capitalist social contract (i.e. completely unregulated capitalism)?

Question 25 options:

A) People in the original position will insist on exact equality.
B) People in the original position will not pay any attention to issues of equality.
C) People in the original position will not insist on exact equality if whatever inequalities are present benefit the most well-off.
D) People in the original position will reject inequalities that do not benefit everyone.
E) Rawls does not think they would reject a laissez-faire capitalist contract.

Question 1 According to Emotivism, the sentence “Murder is wrong,...