Question 1
Which of the following is most equivalent in meaning to “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law?”
A) It is impossible for you to behave in a way that it would be moral for everyone to behave.
B) It is always morally wrong for you to behave in a way that it would be irrational for you to choose that everyone always behave.
C) It is your moral duty to behave in a way that it would be irrational for you to choose that everyone always behave.
D) It is your moral duty to behave in a way that would produce terrible consequences if you were to choose that everyone always behave in that way.
E) It is always morally wrong for you to behave in a way that would produce terrible consequences if you were to choose that everyone always behave in that way.

Question 2
Which of the following describes Kant’s reasons for thinking that it is always wrong to make a false promise in order to secure a loan you never intend to repay?
A) Behaving in this way involves treating the person you borrow money from as a means to financial gain without giving that person an opportunity to rationally evaluate whether or not he or she should loan the money.
B) If it were a natural law that everyone who needed money attempted to secure a loan in this manner, no one would ever loan anyone any money, and so the act of making a false promise would be logically impossible. There just couldn’t be a world like this.
C) If everyone who needed money attempted to secure a loan in this manner, people would be reluctant to lend money, and the economic consequences would be disastrous. The world would be terrible if this were to happen.
D) Both a and c
E) Both a and b

Question 3
Which of the following are clearly hypothetical, rather than categorical, imperatives?
A) Study for the exam!
B) Do not murder!
C) Do not steal!
D) Both a and b
E) Both b and c

Question 4
Which of the following describes Kant’s reasons for thinking that we have a moral obligation to be charitable to others?
A) Honest men are always charitable.
B) If no one were ever charitable, then no opportunities to be charitable would arise. There just couldn’t be a world like this.
C) It would be irrational to will into existence a natural law that prevented anyone from ever being charitable, since this law would prevent other people from being charitable to you should you find yourself in need of their help. Willing such a thing would be inconsistent with your own self-interest.
D) Both a and c
E) Both b and c

Question 5
Which of the following can be called good without qualification according to Kant?
A) A good heart
B) A good will
C) A good toaster
D) Both a and b
E) None of the above

Question 6
According to the Divine Command Theory
A) we have a moral obligation to do whatever God commands, solely because he commands it.
B) people who believe in different gods will have different moral obligations.
C) if God does not exist, then everything is morally permissible.
D) All of the above
E) Both a and c

Question 7
Which of the following best describes Socrates’ main objection to the Divine Command Theory?
A) Since God does not exist, everything is permitted.
B) Since, according to the theory, God’s commands are constrained by independent moral standards, they are arbitrary.
C) Since, according to the theory, nothing is morally good or bad independent of God’s commands, nothing is morally wrong for those who choose not to worship any God.
D) Since, according to the theory, nothing is morally good or bad independent of God’s commands, God can have no reason for choosing to command certain actions and forbid others. His commands are arbitrary.
E) None of the above

Question 8
Which of the following is a part of the Natural Law Theory?
A) It is wrong to consume foods with artificial ingredients.
B) A good human being is a being who fulfills his or her function.
C) The function or purpose of humanity is the result of God’s intentions when he designed humanity.
D) Both b and c
E) All of the above

Question 9
Which of the following summarizes an objection to the Natural Law Theory raised by Rachels?
A) The Natural Law Theory commits the naturalistic fallacy (that is, it attempts to infer what ought to be the case from facts about what is the case).
B) The Natural Law Theory implies that we have no duties to children.
C) The Natural Law Theory relies on the notion of there being natural functions, but modern science has rejected the idea that natural things have functions.
D) Both a and c
E) Both b and c

Question 10
In what sense or senses does Mavrodes think that certain moral obligations would be “queer” or “crazy” in a Russelian world?
A) There can be no real moral obligations if the natural world does not exist.
B) Some moral obligations clearly require us to make significant sacrifices for which we will receive no Russelian benefit.
C) Some moral obligations cannot be fulfilled no matter what we do.
D) Both a and c
E) Both b and c

Question 11
Which of the following best describes what Mavrodes takes to be the best possible non-religious response to his argument?
A) We should reject the claim that morality is queer, because even in a Russellian world, good deeds are always eventually rewarded and evil deeds are always punished.
B) We should reject the claim that morality is queer, because moral facts do not exist.
C) We should just accept the queerness of morality as an unexplainable brute fact. In doing so, we would be no worse off than the religious moralist, since he or she has to accept God’s existence, Heaven, Hell, etc. as unexplainable brute facts.
D) Mavrodes takes all these arguments to be equally bad.
E) Mavrodes takes all these arguments to be equally good.

Question 12
Does Ethical Relativism have the consequence that everyone in every culture ought to be tolerant of the activities of those in other cultures? Why or why not?
A) Yes, because according to Ethical Relativism the social contract in every society would require tolerance.
B) No, because according to Ethical Relativism, all moral judgments are relative to culture, including moral judgments about tolerance.
C) No, because Ethical Relativism implies that tolerance is always wrong.
D) Yes, because when we make moral judgments about those in other cultures, we are inappropriately applying our own culture’s moral standards rather than their own moral standards.
E) No, because Ethical Relativism denies that moral judgments about tolerance are factual judgments at all.

Question 13
Which of the following is the best statement of Act (or Extreme) Utilitarianism?
A) Actions that maximize utility are morally wrong.
B) Actions that fail to maximize utility are morally wrong.
C) All actions that violate a moral rule are wrong, regardless of any facts about utility.
D) All actions that conform to a rule which would, if followed by everyone, produce no more utility than any other possible rule, are morally permissible.
E) All actions that conform to a rule which would, if followed by everyone, produce at least as much utility as any other possible rule, are morally permissible.

Question 14
Which of the following is the best statement of Rule (or Restricted) Utilitarianism?
A) Actions that maximize utility are morally wrong.
B) Actions that fail to maximize utility are morally wrong.
C) All actions that violate a moral rule are wrong, regardless of any facts about utility.
D) All actions that conform to a rule which would, if followed by everyone, produce no more utility than any other possible rule, are morally permissible.
E) All actions that conform to a rule which would, if followed by everyone, produce at least as much utility as any other possible rule, are morally permissible.

Question 15
Which of the following exists in what Mavrodes calls the “Russellian World.”
A) God, matter, energy, gravity
B) God, Heaven, Hell, Angels
C) God, Heaven, Angels, matter
D) Matter, energy, gravity, reincarnation
E) Matter, energy, electromagnetic fields, gravity

Question 1 Which of the following is most equivalent in meaning...